Azadirachtin is a natural insecticide and one of the most active ingredients found in neem oil. It is a tetranortriterpenoid compound belonging to the limonoid group. Structurally, azadirachtin consists of a complex tetracyclic diterpenoid skeleton with a variety of functional groups, including esters, alcohols, and carbonyl groups. The compound is derived from the seeds of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), a tropical evergreen native to the Indian subcontinent.Azadirachtin is widely used as a botanical insecticide for pest control in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. It acts primarily as a feeding deterrent, growth regulator, and antifeedant against a broad spectrum of insect pests, including caterpillars, beetles, aphids, mites, and leafhoppers. Azadirachtin disrupts the development and reproduction of insects by interfering with their hormonal systems, particularly the molting process and hormone signaling pathways. It also has antifeedant properties, causing insects to stop feeding on treated plants.Azadirachtin-based products are used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs to reduce reliance on conventional pesticides and minimize pesticide residues in food crops.
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